Enghlish grammar and other exam notes

  ENGLISH COACHING CENTER                             Based on JAC BSEB CBSE ICSE SKMU and TMBU Grimm’s Law( 101) Grimm's law was the first discovery of a systematic sound change, and it led to the creation of historical phonology as a separate discipline of  historical linguistics . The correspondence between Latin  p  and Germanic  f  was first noted by  Friedrich von Schlegel  in 1806. In 1818, Rasmus Rask extended the correspondences to other Indo-European languages such as  Sanskrit  and Greek, and to the full range of consonants involved. In 1822, Jacob Grimm put forth the rule in his book  Deutsche Grammatik  and extended it to include standard German. He noticed that there were many words which had different consonants from what his law predicted, and these exceptions defied ling...

  ENGLISH COACHING CENTER                             Based on JAC BSEB CBSE ICSE SKMU and TMBU Verner’s Law (101) Karl Verner is traditionally credited as the first scholar to note the factor governing the distribution of the two outcomes. Verner observed that the apparently unexpected voicing of Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops occurred if they were non-word-initial and if the vowel preceding them carried no stress in Proto-Indo-European. The original location of stress was often retained in Greek and early  Sanskrit ; in Germanic, though, stress eventually became fixed on the initial (root) syllable of all words. The following table illustrates the sound changes according to Verner. In the bottom row, for each pair, the sound on the right represents the sound changed according to Verner's Law. PIE *p ...

  ENGLISH COACHING CENTER                             Based on JAC BSEB CBSE ICSE SKMU and TMBU The Different stages of growth English Language (101) In general, English language history is split into three sections: Old English, Middle English and Modern English. Whilst linguists and scholars do hotly contest these labels, and exactly when or how each period begins, we can see a distinct change in the language over these three phases. The first phase, Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, was a heavily Germanic language brought by the tribes which began migrating to the British Isles form Germany in the fifth century A.D. Old English still retains a few short words we can still recognise today (him; he – and derivatives of), but sentence construction and more complex vocabulary requires closer attention. The second phase, Middle English, is so...

  ENGLISH COACHING CENTER                             Based on JAC BSEB CBSE ICSE SKMU and TMBU Speech Macneasm ( 101)   Speech sound disorders may manifest by any combination of difficulties with perception, motor production, and/or the phonologic representation of speech sounds ( phonemes ) and speech segments that impact  speech intelligibility . 1  A phoneme is a sound or group of sounds perceived to have the same function within a specific language. English has approximately 44 phonemes that are represented individually or in combination with the 26 letters of the alphabet. These phonemes can be grouped into seven different types: fricatives, affricates, vowels, semivowels, stops, liquids, and nasals. Fricatives (also called sibilants) are sounds that are produced using frication, or air turbulence (e.g., s, sh). Affric...

  ENGLISH COACHING CENTER                             Based on JAC BSEB CBSE ICSE SKMU and TMBU Phonemes ( 101) The  phoneme  is, strictly speaking, defined without consideration of higher-level linguistic structures apart from recording differences in its immediate phonetic environment that condition allophonic variants. To define the phoneme, it is merely necessary to note that two otherwise identical utterances (in practice usually words, because they constitute the minimal utterance length in a naming task) are different because of the presence of two different sound units. However, the existence of morpheme-dependent sound alternations of otherwise distinctive sound segments was a well established phenomenon and needed to be dealt with in the overall description of the phoneme. Depending on the overriding philosophies of the s...

  ENGLISH COACHING CENTER                             Based on JAC BSEB CBSE ICSE SKMU and TMBU Paper viii A note on social Concern in Victorian Novel Jane Eyre, one of the most significant novels of the Victorian Era, provides reflections on the period and its society. This paper examines the changes and developments of Victorian England. It further deals with the literary situation and places Charlotte Brontë’s novel Jane Eyre in its historical context. After a short summary, there follows an examination of the issues Jane Eyre revolts against. Her criticism against the then accepted gender roles and her liberal idea of womanhood indicate a strong female emancipation. Through an interpretation of certain passages, Jane’s demand for equality of gender becomes evident. Jane Eyre also reflects on Victorian morality and people’s idea of reli...

  ENGLISH COACHING CENTER                             Based on JAC BSEB CBSE ICSE SKMU and TMBU The Ghat of the Only World Objective Questions Q1. Who is the writer of “The Ghat of the Only World”? A. Amitav Ghosh B. Agha Shahid Ali C. James Merrill D. Suketu Mehta   Q2. When did Shahid speak to the author about his approaching death? A. 25 April 2000 B. February 2000 C. 27 October 2001 D. 25 April 2001   Q3. “The Ghat of the Only World” is written by the author as a promise to his _______. A. mother B. father C. friend D. sister   Q4. Agha Shahid Ali was undergoing a treatment for __________ _. A. neurosis B. cancer C. knee injury D. slip disc   Q5. What did Shahid want the author to do after his death? A. Inform his family B. Draw a painting in his memory C. Write a song for him...